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From Microfiche to the Machine-readable Catalog
Microfiche catalogues were similar to book and card catalogues but one could put much information in a small area. It worked by having the images of the information stored on film and allowing the patron to access its information using a magnifying machine. This form allows much more information to be stored in a smaller amount of area but the machines are usually limited in number and keep many people from being able to use it at the same time.
Computer catalogues first appeared in libraries in the early 1980s when more sophisticated searching was made available. This form of cataloguing is easy to update when new materials are introduced into the library and with the use of the internet patrons can even access the catalogues of other libraries, which is called union catalogues. Libraries with small operating budgets have a hard time raising the funds necessary to convert existing catalogues into computer catalogues. And since the advent of the internet, many libraries allow patrons to view the library's catalogue online and even reserve books from home.
Assyrian King Ashurbanipal had a library of nearly 25,000 tablets. This was in the 600s bc. A complex system of organization was developed for these tablets in order for the users to find what they were looking for. Tablets of differing shape were used to differentiate between records of loan transactions and agricultural production. Different rooms were used for different subjects. Geography, for example, would be in one room while astronomy would be in another. To further organize the library's contents color markings were used along with a classification scheme that used keywords in the first line of the text.
During the 2nd century ad Callimachus (employee of the famous ancient library of Alexandria) developed the Pinakes, which was a classification system that held 10 broad categories and within these categories the items were organized alphabetically by the author's first name. By the end of the 3rd century ad Rome had about 30 semi-public libraries. The collections were organized first by language then by subject. The third way they organized was by author in an alphabetical order.
The librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam, wanted to do something to standardize interlibrary loan procedures and decided to start a program which distributed cataloguing cards to libraries as mentioned earlier. This occurred during his time in congress from 1899 to 1939 and made the job of librarian easier, more efficient, and more accurate.
It was not until the 1960s that libraries began automating their internal operations. In 1966, specifically, the Machine-Readable Catalog (MARC) project established electronic versions of the card catalog. A revised version of the system became widely used by 1972 and was called MARC II. This automated system of keeping library records not only made the internal library run more smoothly but also saved enormous amounts of time through the sharing of cooperative cataloguing. Organizations emerged from this habit of working cooperatively such as the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC), the Research Library Information Network (RLIN), and the University of Toronto Library Automation System (UTLAS). These are groups that implemented networked and automated systems that seemed to benefit more than just a few libraries.
The University of California came out with a massive online public access catalog called MELVYL in 1981, which was about the time of the first library catalogs began containing entire catalogs made available on computers. Before this, librarians had to be specially trained to use catalogs on computers. These systems were called online public assess catalogs (OPACs). These systems today now sport the ability to search on all four card catalogs—one for author, title, subject, and call-number shelf list. Another search option not available in the old card catalogs is the ability to search by keywords. Patrons can also easily discover whether or not an item has been checked out and, if so, when the item is due back.
As early as the 1960s researchers were given access to electronic databases of abstracts and publishing data of library holdings, which were appropriately called abstracting and indexing (A&I) databases. By the 1970s large online databases became available through commercial venders. The databases available were the Dialog Information Retrieval Service (DIALOG), the National Library of Medicine's Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS), and the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).
By the mid-1980s databases began being placed onto CD-ROM and sold. Since the Internet was only available to government and scientific communities libraries were largely denied access to the Internet until the late 1990s. In 1996 about 25 percent of libraries offered its patrons access to the internet compared to almost 75 percent in 1999.
Some libraries have discovered that there isn't a classification system in existence that serves their needs adequately. The Mathematics Subject Classification was developed to organize the libraries of mathematical organizations because the material got more advanced than current classifications could identify.
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